On my Huawei P20 (now a little over two years old and therefore out of warranty) the headphone adapters always break very quickly. Sometimes after 1-2 weeks my headphones start to rustle / get quieter / one side no longer works when the adapter is moved. I've tried this with a wide variety of adapters and headphones, but it's always the same. The headphones work normally on other devices. I think it will be the cell phone because my computer sometimes doesn't recognize the cell phone when the cable is "wrong".
Is there a way to fix it alone or does it have to be professionally repaired?
Try to clean the USB-C port. Use a toothpick to push the dirt aside and pull it up on the side. If you don't dare, you can ask a cell phone repair shop whether they can do this for you.
I've tried this a few times now, but unfortunately it didn't work.